WWII

WWII Assessment - Essay test

INSTRUCTIONS: Read ALL the questions and then select ONE topic to answer. Please remember to write a response that answers the question and clearly communicates your ideas.

Date: 16/01/09

Time: 2:35 – 3:30 pm

World War Two Essay Test

TOPIC ONE: “Political factors, not economic considerations, are the major cause of modern war.” With reference to causes of WWII discuss this view. TOPIC TWO: “Wars are caused by the miscalculations of the aggressor and the failure of politicians and diplomats to exercise crisis management.” Discuss the validity of this statement with reference to WWII. TOPIC THREE: Many historians consider the years between the First and Second World wars to be only a pause in a single great war. To what extent do you agree? TOPIC FOUR: What do you understand by the term ‘total war’? How does WWII illustrate your understanding of this concept? TOPIC FIVE: In what ways and for what reasons have tactics changed in twentieth century warfare? Refer specifically to WWII in your answer. TOPIC SIX: What were the major technological developments during WWII? How did these developments alter the course of the war and future use of this innovation? TOPIC SEVEN: How did the role of women change during the course of WWII? Consider women from all countries that were involved in this war. TOPIC EIGHT: What role did propaganda and the promotion of a particular ideology have in both the Allies and Axis powers during WWII? TOPIC NINE: What were the political, economic and social effects of WWII in Europe? How did the results of WWII alter the political, economic and social make up of Asia? TOPIC TEN: What were the short and long term effects of WWII in both Europe and the Pacific regions? Explain how WWII still has ramifications for the world today.

= Some student notes: = = = Nazi Germany

The ideological roots of Nazism Its roots lay in two movements of the last 25 years of the 19 th  century:
 * Anti-Semitism which grew during that period of depression and from the racial theories of the time
 * Radical right-wing politics (i.e.: Pan-German League) in favor of authoritarianism.

Weimar Period 1918 – 1929 After the war
 * The Kaiser abdicated 9 November 1918
 * New German Republic declared by Philipp Scheidemann
 * Declaration not planned
 * No king
 * Parliamentary system, not a US style system
 * There was an atmosphere of continual strikes, demonstrations and revolutions when the Weimar Republic was formed
 * Armed volunteers ‘free corps’ appointed to defend provisional government
 * Most right wing ex soldiers (their loyalty was questionable)

Weimar Republic formed Elections for a National assembly were held __19 January 1919__
 * __6 February 1919 __: First meeting held in the city of Weimar because Berlin was too violent
 * Friederich Ebert resigned as chancellor and elected president
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Phillip Scheidemann is elected as chancellor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Constitution announced 14 August 1919
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">First job was to sign the Treaty of Versailles
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">President was given broad powers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">To suspend the constitution in case of state emergency and rule by decree (Article 48)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Two houses:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Reichsrat (upper house, no real power)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Reichstag (real authority, chancellor and ministers answered to)

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt 0.25in;">Had a fatal flaw: provided proportional representation in the parliament. It created a parliament composed of many political parties and no party had the majority.

Kapp Putch __<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">An attempt to overthrow the government with armed forces. __  · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">First challenge from extreme right · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Provoked by government order to dismantle free corps · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Free corps troops entered Berlin and proclaimed new government to be lead by Prussian Wolfgang Kapp · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">President Ebert fled the capital · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Only a strike led by socialists and trade unions able to defeat Kapp
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Allowed small anti-republican parties (Nazis) a place in deciding Germany’s laws and legislation
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">FEB 1919 - JAN 1933 __<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">: 21 different Reichstag cabinets
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Whole concept opposed by many elements within German society
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">There were extreme lefts (communists) and extreme rights (Nazis) that opposed Weimar republic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Much of the public (schools, public services, unis, courts, police and army) opposed the idea of a Weimar Republic and openly denied the regime support

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt 0.25in;">As Kapp Putch collapsed, republic attacked again by Red army (communist) · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Captured several industrial towns in Ruhr · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Uprising crushed by army

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; tabstops: 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: 47.0pt 1.0in;">Jan. 1923: Invasion of the Ruhr __<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">One of Germany’s most valuable industrial and mining area __ · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">End 1922: Germany fail to pay reparations to France as part of TOV · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">French occupy the Ruhr · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Campaign of ‘passive resistance’ was Germany’s response and resulted in a decline in industrial productivity · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">‘Passive resistance’ affected Germany economy · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Weimar government still dedicated to maintain commitment to TOV o <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Reparation bill: US $32 billion · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Instead of raising taxes, gov borrowed heavily and printed new money · __<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sparked greatest inflation in history __ o <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1914: US$ => 4.2 marks <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt 1in; text-indent: 0.25in;">1919: US$ => 8.9 marks <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt 1in; text-indent: 0.25in;">1923: US$ => 25 billion marks · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">German money was valueless causing enormous hardship · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Real wages declined, life-time savings wiped, people on fixed incomes (pensioners) were poverty stricken

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: 47.0pt 1.0in;">Aug. 1923: Streseman became chancellor o <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">leaving Rhineland 1930
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">called for passive resistance and began negotiating with the Western Powers (Dawes Plan)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Secured powers from Reichstag
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Enabling him to stop inflation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Old currency withdrawn
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Rentenmark
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Tax changes, reduction of government expenditure

From its founding to the putsch of 1923:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Founded during the chaotic period immediately after WWI. Bavaria was then under the control of a right wing Gov. which sheltered extremists (including the Nazis)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Formed Jan. 9 <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">th <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 1919 under the name German Workers Party (DAP), Hitler joined as propaganda chief in Sept.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Aug. 1921: Hitler became leader and introduced: the notion of the leader / a more centralized system w/ all branches subject to the authority of the original branch in Munich.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">June 1922: the now renamed National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) is banned in all states except Bavaria.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Hitler saw Stresseman’s chancellorship as the beginning of a communist takeover…he decided to lead a putsch.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Hitler convincd leading members of the Bavarian Gov. to help him on his __‘March on Berlin’__ he seized them, they gave their consent but once released withdrew their aid.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">On Nov. 9 <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">th <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 1923 the Nazis marched on Gov. buildings and were dispersed by gunfire and had their leaders arrested.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Hitler went for 5 years in prison, but now he was a nationally known figure.

Hitler secures Power <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in;">Hindenburg as president
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">National hero
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Elected into presidency in 1925
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Re-elected in 1932 with support of Bruening
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">It was a two stage election held in March and April
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Biggest opponents: Adolf Hitler and Ernst Thalmann (communist)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Hitler was runner-up (shows the support the Nazis were enjoying)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">HITLER: 13.4 million votes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">HINDENBURG: 19.3 million votes

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in;">Heinrich Bruening as chancellor 1930-32
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Attempted to govern using president emergency powers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">No support of Reichstag (because of its deflationary economic policy and its rule by decree)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Bruening dissolved the Reichstag - weakened Bruening’s position
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">New elections 14 September 1930
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Moderate parties lost votes and extreme left and right gained
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">After the Communists, National Socialist Party (Nazis) became second largest party (totally unforseen)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">From 12 members to 107
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Implemented economic programme using Presidential emergency powers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">unemployment rose
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">March 1930: 2 258 000
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">March 1932: 6 031 000
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Sought to win political support by trying to terminate reparation payments
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">There was a lot of political thuggery by Nazis’ S.A. (Sturm Abteilungen)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">14 April 1932 decreed the suppression of S.A.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">thought would end Nazi menace
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Didn’t have the support of army (argued Bruening to be replaced)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Bruening was forced to resign end of May, 1932

Baron Franz von Papen 1932
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Did not possess party support in Reichstag
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">To consolidate his power, he attempted to break the Socialist power
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Dissmissed government of Prussia (main stronghold)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Successfully negotiated an end of reparation payments with western powers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Elections late July 1932
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Nazi gained 230 seats (more than doubled their support!)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Papen’s support in the Reichstag was weakened
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Papen dissolved the Reichstag to avoid a vote of no-confidence
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">New elections November 1932
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">90% vote going towards anti-government parties
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Decline in Nazi vote (only 196 Nazis representatives)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">NO POLITICAL SUPPORT FOR PAPEN
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Took drastic measures to maintain control
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Suggested for the constitution to be suspended
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">He rules by decree and has army backing
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">General Schleicher told Hindenburg that the army could not garuntee control and support if Papen he ruled by decree.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Papen resigned

General von Schleicher as Chancellor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Appointed on 2 December 1932
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Had great support from the army
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Thought Nazis could be used to achieve a workable government
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Attempted to split Nazi ranks and control Hitler
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Tried to force Hitler into a coalition as junior partner
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Didn’t work
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Tried to win support over Socialists, didn’t work
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Like Papen, tried to suspend the constitution and rule by decree to gain support and control
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Hindenburg withdrew support for Schleicher (because the army couldn’t garuntee support if he ruled by decree)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Schleicher resigned

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in;">Adolf Hitler as Chancellor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">only two options: Papen or Hitler
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Position of army critical
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Hitler appointed chancellor: 30 January 1933
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Papen appointed vice-chancellor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Only two other Nazi leaders in the new Cabinet
 * Non-Nazi leaders gambled that they could control Hitler in office and could turn him out of office at will

The Seizure of Power 1933-34 Situation in 1933:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Only three cabinet posts held by Nazis
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">no Nazi Reichstag majority
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Hitler could be dismissed by Hindenburg
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Hitler represented only hope of the Right for mass support
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">The Right could not simply govern through pressure groups (army, business, etc.)

The Election of March 1933:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Nazis received generous donations from industrialists (who feared a left wing revival)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">Goring (then Prussian Minister of the Interior) allowed Nazi violence in the campaign to go on uncontrolled.

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The __Reichstag Fire__: Feb. 27 <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">th 1933 The man considered responsible was a communist à <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> The Nazis claimed it was a beg. of a communist takeover / Hindenburg passed the ‘Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State’ à <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Hitler could: ignore restrictions on police power / take over the power of the German states à <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> using this, the Nazis arrested communists and other political opponents. § __<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Results __<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">: Communists were banned, and Nazis in coalition w/ the Nationalists obtained a majority.

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 2pt 0.25in;">The Enabling Law
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">To obtain 2/3 majority needed to change the constitution the Nazis carried a campaign of intimidation: they depicted opposition as unpatriotic / Nazis in the S.A. seized control of state Gov. / opponents in the SPD and trade unions were arrested / the building where the Reichstag was surrounded by S.A. and SS troops. This law granted Hitler the right to:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">make laws w/out Reichstag approval
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">make treaties w/ foreign states w/out Reichstag approval
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Hitler now no longer needed the support of political parties.

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 2pt 0.25in;">Creation of a one-party state:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">June 1933: SPD banned
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">July 1933: Law makes all political formations (except Nazis) illegal

Conflict between Hitler and the S.A.:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">The S.A. demanded that Hitler follow socialist measures as laid down in the 1920 Nazi Programme
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">The S.A. wanted a greater say in party affairs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in; tabstops: list .5in left 47.0pt 1.0in;">They wished to replace the army with a national militia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Hitler feared that they would lose him the support of the non-Nazi right, and the army. The army was then the only group w/ the power to remove him.

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">The Night of the Long Knives: <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Death of Hindenburg:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 30 <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">th <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">/July 1 <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">st
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">arrest of the main S.A. leaders by the S.S.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">leaders are shot
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Hitler congratulated by Reichstag, Hindenburg, & the army.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Aug. 2 <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt;">nd <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> 1934: Hindenburg dies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Hitler combined the office of chancellor and president powers to instate himself as Fuhrer, Reich Chancellor and Commander-in-chief or the army

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Nazis gather popular support
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Germans hated the democratic government
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Great Depression caused collapse of German economy and mass unemployment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Looked for radical alternatives
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Nazis create immediate jobs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">ensured popular support from businessmen and industrialists

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Hjalmar Schacht Minister for Economics 1934-36
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Hitler knew nothing about economics
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Schacht was gifted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Aimed at reducing unemployment and strengthening economy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Used general upturn in world economy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Tight foreign exchange policies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Public works programs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Hitler’s re-armorment program
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Unemployment dropped
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">6 million January 1933 (Hitler became chancellor) to > 2 million 1937
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">1932-1937 German GDP grew 102%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Replaced by General Thomas
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Introduced 4-yr plan to prepare the German economy for war

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Nazis Policing and Censorship
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Dr Joseph Goebbels Minister of Propaganda and People’s Enlightenment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Controlled all radio
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Exercised tight political censorship of newspapers, books and films
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Those that were in any way anti-Nazi shut down
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Jewish or any unapproved books were burnt in public ceremonies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">Two terror organizations established headed by Heinrich Himmler
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">S.S (Schutz Staffeln)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">Created in 1925
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">The ‘new S.A.’ after it was purged in 1934
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">1939: 240 000 troops
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">manned concentration camps
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Gestapo
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">More dreaded
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">Secret police
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in;">Tracked down, tortured, murdered or imprisoned ‘enemies of the State’

Racial Theory <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt 17.45pt;">Aryan race were pure and racially superior · <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Prossicuted Slavs, Latins, Negros, Asians, the disabled and retarded
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Northern European people (Nordic)

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 17.45pt;">Hated the Jews
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">April 1933 boycott of all Jewish shops in Germany
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Jews were fired from public jobs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">By 1938 Jews forbidden to work as doctors, lawyers, public servants, teacgers, academics, stockbrokers or farmers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Refused service in German shops

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 17.45pt;">Nuremberg Laws September 1935 <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt 0.25in;">‘for the protection of the racial purity of the state’
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">laws: __
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Marriage between Jews and Germans forbidden and will not be considered void unless annulled by a Public Prosecutor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Intercourse between Jews and Germans forbidden
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Jews will not be able to employ <45 female German workers as domestic workers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in;">Jews are forbidden to display the national flag or colours (but they are allowed to display the Jewish colours)

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt;">Crystal Night
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">10 November 1938
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">S.S. and S.A. looted and smashed Jewish throughout Germany
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">7000 Jewish shops looted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">191 synagogues burnt
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list .5in; tabstops: list .5in;">20 000 Jews arrested

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 2pt;">By 1939 half Jewish population fled abroad

=PROPAGANDA IN AMERICA DURING WWII= []